Ionic Calculator
Calculate ionic compound properties
Frequently Asked Questions
What is an ionic compound and how is its formula determined?
Ionic compounds form when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals. The formula balances charges: Na⁺ and Cl⁻ form NaCl (1:1), Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ form CaCl₂ (1:2). The calculator determines the correct ratio from ion charges.
How do I calculate the lattice energy of an ionic compound?
Lattice energy can be estimated using the Born-Landé equation: E = -(N_A × M × z⁺ × z⁻ × e²) / (4πε₀r₀) × (1 - 1/n). Higher charges and smaller ions produce larger lattice energies and more stable compounds.
What determines if a compound is ionic or covalent?
Electronegativity difference determines bond type. Difference > 1.7 is typically ionic, < 0.4 is nonpolar covalent, and 0.4-1.7 is polar covalent. The calculator shows the electronegativity difference and predicted bond type.
How do I name ionic compounds?
Name the cation (metal) first, then the anion with an -ide suffix. NaCl = sodium chloride. For transition metals with multiple charges, use Roman numerals: FeCl₂ = iron(II) chloride, FeCl₃ = iron(III) chloride.
What are polyatomic ions?
Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms with a net charge: SO₄²⁻ (sulfate), NO₃⁻ (nitrate), NH₄⁺ (ammonium), CO₃²⁻ (carbonate), PO₄³⁻ (phosphate). The calculator recognizes common polyatomic ions and uses them in formula generation.